Sharing the Road: LLM-Based Bargaining in Mixed-Autonomy Traffic

Computer Science > Multiagent Systems

[Submitted on 6 Nov 2026]

Title:Sharing the Road: LLM-Based Bargaining in Mixed-Autonomy Traffic

View PDF HTML (experimental)Abstract:Mixed-autonomy traffic involves heterogeneous driving populations competing for shared road space. Previous studies have shown the existence and emergence of collective rationality using game-theoretic and reinforcement learning approaches, which rely on explicitly specified behavioral assumptions or reward functions for driving agents. However, how bargaining behaviors between driving agents evolve and lead to collective outcomes based on richer agent characteristics and language-based reasoning remains less understood. To fill this gap, we develop a bargaining framework based on large language models (LLMs) in which population-level autonomous vehicle (AV) and human-driven vehicle (HV) agents negotiate road-space allocations under heterogeneous objectives and private information. Through controlled experiments varying traffic composition, agent objectives, and traffic-domain knowledge, we examine bargaining behavior, coordination, and resource utilization. Results show that negotiated allocations respond to relative traffic density without strictly following proportional sharing, while density-balanced states exhibit greater coordination difficulty. Fairness-oriented objectives substantially improve agreement rates but do not necessarily yield equally high road-space utilization. Furthermore, domain knowledge affects bargaining outcomes differently across objective configurations, shaping both coordination and the role-dependent effects of fairness. These findings demonstrate the potential of LLM-based bargaining for modeling and designing interactions among driving agents in mixed-autonomy traffic.

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